用没性别区别的语言对于某些作者而言好像是没必要的,但,假如一概用男士化的代名词则会给读者留下如此的印象,即觉得女人不包含在作者所指的群体当中。虽然有人会反驳说男士化的代名词he 和his同时指代男士和女人,但读者而非作者完全会产生上述的印象。由于不少读者读到男士化的代名词时会觉得仅指男士,所以,作者可能是不经意地创造了这种错误的印象。
基于经验得来的要紧办法就是防止用具备性别特点的用语;只不过在需要用名词才能完成句子的状况下,可以用他或她(he or she)作为替代。多数状况下可以重写一个句子防止用具备性别特点的名词。
下面将介绍三种办法。第一种是最佳的。不要用他们代替他和她,他们应该只不过在指称复数的状况下才用。这里的每个规则都提供了一个防止用具备性别特点用语的办法。
1、重写一个句子防止用任何名词一般可以用the 或a代替该名词。
Incorrect: A good judge takes their job very seriously.
Undesirable:A good judge takes his or her job very seriously.
Better: A good judge takes the job very seriously.
OR
A good judge takes judging very seriously.
Incorrect: A defendant1 should not be required to sacrifice their constitutional right to a fair trial for the sole benefit of allowing televised coverage2 of their trial.
Better: A defendant should not be required to sacrifice his or her constitutional right to a fair trial for the sole benefit of allowing televised coverage of his or her trial.
Best: A defendant should not be required to sacrifice the constitutional right to a fair trial for the sole benefit of allowing televised coverage of the trial.
2. 假如必要的话,用one代替he or she或his or her。但,假如可能的话,也应该防止用这一表达,由于one这个词用起来并困难。
不理想的:
A person who masters the basic rules of grammar, punctuation3, and good writing is likely to impress his or her supervisors4.
较理想的:
One who masters the basic rules of grammar, punctuation, and good writing is likely to impress ones supervisors.
3、假如必要的话,将主语由单数改为复数。假如你所指的并不是一个明确的个体而是一类个体,你可以用一个复数的主语,如此就能防止用具备性别特点的名词,同时还可以防止不正确地用他们(their)这个名词。
Incorrect: A teacher must communicate clearly with their students.
Also Incorrect: A teacher must communicate clearly with her students.
Better: A teacher must communicate clearly with his or her students.
Best: Teachers must communicate clearly with their students.
4、防止用s/he作为名词正确的替代。有人建议使用s/he代替he or she.,但s/he并不是一个单词,而且也困难读。(能将之读为she或s 斜线he吗?什么读音可取?)
Incorrect: The successful lawyer will shepardize all cases cited in a memo5. S/he also will avoid quoting from headnotes.
Correct: Successful lawyers will shepardize all cases cited in a memo. They also will avoid quoting from headnotes.
5、假如可能的话,防止用具备性别特点的名字
差的选择
Chairman
Congressman6
Policeman
Stewardess8, Steward7
相对应较好的选择
Chair, chairperson, leader
Member of Congress, Representative
Officer, police officer, police official
Flight attendant
6、正确用Ms. 和 Mrs.。假如你了解一个人将自己称作Mrs. 或Miss,,你应该尊重其他人的这种称呼。但,假如你不了解该人的偏好,则你应用Ms.。不应该需要女人通过对Mrs. 或Miss,的用法表明我们的婚否。同样,用Mr.指称一位男士时也并不表明他的婚否。虽然Ms.事实上并不是一个较长术语的缩写,但大家已经同意了在这个术语后面加一个点。
不好的:
Mrs. Hillary Clinton; Mrs. Clinton; Ms. Clinton
更不好的:
Mrs. William J. Clinton
较好的表达:
Hillary Rodham Clinton; Ms. Hillary Rodham Clinton; Ms. Rodham Clinton
7、正确用姓氏。假如一位女人选择用她的结婚以前姓氏而不是结婚以后姓氏,或者同时用她的结婚以前姓氏和结婚以后姓氏(不管有无连字符),你应该尊重她的这种称呼。同时,假如一个人用了包括爸爸妈妈姓氏的复姓,则你应该尊重她的这种称呼。
Justice Ruth Ginsburg; Justice Sandra OConnor
较好的(明智的)表达:
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg; Justice Sandra Day OConnor
不好的:
Christian9 Dinneen; Christian Long; Mr. Dinneen; Mr. Long
较好的表达:
Christian Dinneen-Long; Mr. Dinneen-Long