I could see, by the expression on her face, that it worked no miracle.

by在这的意思是?通过...方法还是根据...的意思?这个介词短语干什么状语吗?


the expression 是个名词,它不是主语我们的行为,因此by 一定不是表示“方法”。

by doing sth. 才是“方法或方法”,而且doing 肯定是主语的行为。

这里的by 应为“依据”之意,by the expression on her face 等于 according tothe expression on her face。