Migration1 has a positive impact on girls' education, healthcare and fertility rates in countries that export labour, according to a study by the World Bank published yesterday in Cairo.
巴基斯坦等很多国家都重男轻女，因此男生可以获得更多家庭资源，该报告的首席经济学家及联合主编莫里斯o希夫表示。当国外移民通过汇款使家庭获得额外收入时，女生总是能得到更多。
In a lot of countries, [such as] Pakistan, boys are favoured over girls, so they get a larger share of household resources, said Maurice Schiff, the lead economist2 and co-editor of the report. When additional income comes to the family through remittances3 sent by a migrant abroad, more tends to go to girls.
研究发现，在巴基斯坦，家庭中拥有一名移民工人会将女生入学率提升多达54%，而男生仅为7%。
The World Bank study found that, in Pakistan, the effect of having a migrant worker in the family was to increase female enrolment in schools by as much as 54 per cent, compared with just 7 per cent for boys.
其它研究结果显示，移民家庭女生的上学时间平均比非移民家庭的女生长2年。移民对童工也有影响，由于假如孩子的爸爸在国外工作赚钱，儿童被送去打工的可能性就会减小，即便被送去打工，这类孩子的工作时间也会降低大约66%。
Other results showed that girls from migrant households stayed in school on average two years longer than those from non-migrant families. There was also an impact on child labour because children who had a father earning money abroad were less likely to be sent out to work and those who were, worked about 66 per cent less.
报告还发现，移民提升了巴基斯坦和中美洲移民儿童的身高和体重。
It also found that migration improved the height and weight of the children of Pakistani and central American migrants.
收入增加也意味着可以更多地获得医疗保障。在尼加拉瓜，汇款很大提升了大夫助产的可能性，这是减少妈妈死亡率的一个要紧原因。
More money also meant better access to healthcare. In Nicaragua, remittances significantly improved the likelihood of doctor-assisted births, a big factor in reducing maternal4 mortality.
报告的另一项发现是，在摩洛哥和土耳其向欧洲输出劳动力的区域，生育率有所降低。报告将这种现象归因于观念和行为模式从劳动力接收国向输出国传输。
Another finding was that fertility rates have declined in those parts of Morocco and Turkey that export labour to Europe. It attributed this to the transmission of ideas and modes of behaviour from host to source country.
报告还发现，归国移民可以在本国获得更高的薪资。与没出过国的人相比，在国外工作过的埃及人的薪资最多可高出38%。
The report also found that returned migrants could command higher wages in their home countries. Egyptians who had worked abroad earned up to 38 per cent more than those who had not travelled.
希夫表示，受益的不止是劳动力输出国。
The benefits, says Mr Schiff, are not confined to labour exporting countries.
希夫称：有研究发现，假如经合组织国家的劳动力增加3%（即1500万人），并平均分布在每个职业，所获得有哪些好处将比世界所有国家都开放贸易还要大。
There are studies which show that if you increase the labour force of OECD countries by 3 per cent, or 15m people, with the same distribution across occupations, the benefits would be larger than if all the countries of the world liberalised their trade, he said.
希夫表示，这类好处应当为劳动力接收国提供有力的原因，推行暂时移民规范，比如，可以规定工人的部分薪资在其本国支付，只有在工人最后回国时才能拿到。他表示，这种规范将保留汇款给贫穷国家带来有哪些好处，降低进步中国家的人才流失，并有益于劳动力接收国控制我们的人口规模。
Mr Schiff says these benefits should provide a strong argument for countries that receive labour to adopt systems for temporary migration in which, for instance, a proportion of a worker's salary is paid in the home country and is only available after the worker's final return. Such a system, he said, would maintain the benefits of remittances to poor countries, cut the brain drain from the developing world and let host countries control the size of their population.