被动语态 by

请问老师 Its leader，Tom，was beaten by his rival.
1、主语是 its leader，Tom 是同位语吗？可以反过来理解吗？
2、by his rival 是作什么成分呢？我看到之前有老师讲解为方法状语。那样，在这个方法状语中，his rival 是什么成分？谢谢老师

1. 表示名字的两个名词，一般而言，可以是“互为同位语”。可以颠倒过来讲。若是同位语从句则不可，由于从句是讲解性的，地方顺序在后。

Its leader,Tom, was beaten by his rival.

Tom, its leader, was beaten by his rival.

不过，上述两句侧重点不同，第一个名词是句子的主要信息，第二个名词是次要信息。

2. by his rival 是介词短语。by 引出谓语动词行为动作的施事者，称为“施事状语”，不是方法状语。比较：

Success was obtained by Tom. 汤姆获得了成功。（施事状语）

Success was obtained by hard work. 成功是靠努力获得的。（方法状语）