The visibility of smoking in city streets has for the first time anywhere been mapped, in new research from the University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand. The research found that up to 116 smokers1 outside bars/cafs could be seen from any one location in the outdoor public areas of downtown Wellington . Of 2600 people observed in the outdoor areas of bars and cafs, 16% were smoking, with a higher proportion than this in evenings.Data from observations across the downtown area were mapped by the researchers, producing a record of the street areas where the most smokers could be seen. They used mapping methods previously2 used for landscape ecology and archeology（考古学）.Lead researcher Dr Amber3 Pearson says that the methods developed through this research will help policymakers demonstrate the visibility of smoking in different areas, and provide scientific evidence for local authorities to advance smokefree outdoor policies.Another of the researchers, Associate Professor George Thomson, says the results show the need for policies to reduce the normality of smoking:Smokefree outdoor areas help smokers to quit, help those who have quit to stick with it, and reduce the normalisation of smoking for children and youth. They also reduce litter, water pollution and cleaning cosplayts for local authorities and ratepayers（地方税纳税人）, Thomson says.In Australia, North America and other places, local authorities are increasingly creating smokefree streets and promoting smokefree al fresco4（户外，野外） dining and drinking, he says.
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1 smokers 抽烟者 参考例句： Many smokers who are chemically addicted to nicotine cannot cut down easily. 很多有尼古丁瘾的吸烟人困难把烟戒掉。 Chain smokers dont care about the dangers of smoking. 烟鬼好像不在乎抽烟带来的种种风险。